What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)? Symptoms, Tests & Treatment

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication, social interaction, and behavior in millions of people worldwide. A wide range of symptoms and severity levels characterizes ASD. Even with its increased prevalence, stigma and misconceptions around ASD persist. Hence, to build an inclusive atmosphere that supports people with ASD, it is important to raise awareness about Autism among the public. As a part of that initiative, in this blog, we have provided complete details about Autism Spectrum Disorder, its symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, support measures, and more. By reading this blog, you can enhance your comprehension and can also empower individuals with ASD to thrive in all aspects of life.

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or Autism is a neurological disorder that is marked by difficulty with social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors. As it affects people differently, it is referred to as a spectrum disorder. The word “autism” was coined by Austrian psychiatrist Leo Kanner in 1943.

Each person with ASD has unique abilities, differences, and experiences. ASD is typically diagnosed during childhood. People with ASD can be found in all social classes, ethnic groups, and cultural backgrounds. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ASD affects roughly one in every 54 children in the United States. It is more frequent in men than in women, with a ratio of 4:1.

Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder

ASD symptoms can fluctuate over time and differ greatly from person to person. In children ages 0 to 3, early warning signs and symptoms could include:

Delayed or missing language development (for example, no babbling, gesturing, or single words by 16 months).
Difficulties in social engagement (for example, avoiding eye contact and not replying to names)
Repetitive behaviors (e.g., hand flapping and rocking)
Unusual play or interests
Limited facial expressions.
Absent or delayed pointing or gesturing

Common ASD symptoms in Children and Adults may include:

Problems with Communication: Difficulty in initiating/maintaining conversations and understanding nonverbal cues.
Social Challenges: Tough to grasp social norms and form/maintain friendships, prefer solitary activities over social interactions.
Sensory Sensitivities: Hypersensitivity or hyposensitivity to sensory inputs (sounds, sights, smells, tastes, textures), Intense reactions to specific stimuli (e.g., loud noises, bright lights)
Repetitive Behaviors and Interests: Exhibit self-regulatory actions (rocking, hand flapping), intense focus on specific interests (math, music), and ritualistic patterns.

Causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder

The specific cause of ASD remains unknown. The most recent studies show there is no single cause. The following are some possible risk factors for ASD:

Having an autistic family member and specific genetic mutations.
Fragile X syndrome and related genetic diseases
Being born to older parents.
Low birth weight and metabolic imbalances.
Exposure to heavy metals and environmental pollutants.
A maternal history of viral illnesses
Fetal exposure to medicines – Valproic acid or Thalidomide (Thalomid)

Types of Autism Spectrum Disorder

In the past, ASD was divided into various subgroups. Even though the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) no longer formally recognizes these subtypes, they are nonetheless helpful in comprehending the spectrum:

Autistic Disorder (Classic Autism): Characterizes severe impairments in social interaction, communication, and cognitive function.
Asperger’s Syndrome: Difficulties with social interaction and repetitive activities, but no substantial cognitive or language disabilities.
Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD-NOS): Its symptoms do not fit into other categories, but it shows issues with social interaction and communication.
High-Functioning Autism (HFA): Present in intellectually brilliant people with modest social impairments and communication issues

Currently, the DSM-5 has merged all the above-listed ASD subtypes into one diagnosis with three severity levels:

1-Level: Requires support (mild symptoms, formerly High-Functioning Autism)
2-Level: Requires substantial support (moderate symptoms, formerly Asperger’s)
3-Level: Requires very substantial support (severe symptoms, formerly Autistic Disorder)

Each person with ASD is unique, and their experiences may not fall neatly into these categories. Hence, only a certified specialist can make the diagnosis.

Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnostic Tests

Autism cannot be diagnosed by a laboratory test. However, healthcare providers perform specialized screenings, genetic tests, and evaluations to diagnose ASD. Typically, a specialist team that contains child psychologists, occupational therapists, and speech-language pathologists diagnoses ASD.

Early Detection of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Developmental screening has a substantial impact on the lives of children with ASD. Hence, to enable early identification and support, the American Academy of Pediatrics advises routine testing for ASD in children between the ages of 18 and 24 months. A popular screening tool used for this purpose is the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT), a 23-question survey completed by parents. While a positive screening indicates a possible risk, it is crucial to recognize that:

Screening does not confirm an ASD diagnosis.
Not all children who screen positively have autism.
Screenings may not identify all autistic children.

Usually, after developmental screening, as a part of formal evaluation, a child psychologist will observe the child and perform a structured autism spectrum test to identify the child’s strengths and challenges. This thorough assessment helps to determine an accurate diagnosis and offer appropriate support and interventions for a child.

Other ASD Tests and Screenings

Here is a list of other combinations of tests for autism that a Child Physician may recommend.

DNA testing for hereditary disorders
Behavioral evaluation
Occupational therapy screening
Questionnaires like the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2).

ASD Treatment and Intervention Options

A comprehensive treatment plan for ASD often consists of the following:

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) Therapy: Divides abilities into smaller components and utilizes rewards to encourage learning.
Positive Behavioral Support (PBS): Provides a supportive atmosphere that encourages positive behaviors.
Individualized Education Programs (IEPs): Follows customized educational plans that target unique needs and goals.
Special Education Services: Focuses on adaptive curricula and instructional strategies to help students learn.
Speech-Language Therapy: Targets language development and communication abilities.
Occupational Therapy: Improves motor skills, sensory integration, and everyday functioning abilities.
Medication: Drugs may be prescribed to treat symptoms like attention deficit disorder, anxiety, and hyperactivity.
Alternative Therapies: Conventional treatments can be enhanced by artistic, musical, or animal-assisted therapies. Other therapies experts provide for ASD patients are physical therapy, nutritional therapy, sensory integration therapy, play-way therapy, and more.

Conclusion

Understand, accept, and support Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Early action and awareness can improve lives and create a more inclusive society. If your loved one shows signs of ASD, seek appropriate treatment to improve the quality of life. At, Asha Speech and Hearing Clinic, we have been offering expert autism treatment in New Delhi. Without hesitation, schedule an appointment with us today and receive personalized support from our specialists.